Thursday, 10 August 2017
Tuesday, 8 August 2017
Saturday, 6 August 2016
NUCLEAR ENERGY AND POLITICS
We’re in the 21st century at the nook of a nuclear war, around hundred nuclear blasts and the Earth will be like Venus caused by Indo-Pak confrontations going on at present in which Pakistan has given warning of nuclear attack to India, Iran’s nuclear program, initially cancelled after the 1979 revolution, was revived in the closing phases of the 1980-1988 war with Iraq, Tehran wanted to guard against a future surprise analogous to Iraq’s repeated use of chemical weapons, Israel recently again attacked Gaza, America in the recent UN meeting proposed the permanent members about an attack on Syria and the America and Israel have clashed with the Jihadists of Middle East Sunni countries since the birth of Israel in November 1917. The biggest cause for World War 3 is the Middle East because it has become the largest and the most active battleground in the world.
AMERICA’S POLICY
Nuclear Politics in America is a 1997 book by Robert J. Duffy. According to Duffy, the "promise and peril of nuclear power have been a preoccupation of the modern age", who was then an assistant professor of political science at Rider University. The book discusses the controversy over radioactive waste disposal, licensing procedures relating to the Atomic Energy Act, and the effects of deregulation of electric utilities. By analyzing policy frameworks and describing the process by which regulatory change occurs, Nuclear Politics in America offers a perspective on policymaking in America.
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionized with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about atomic weapons in a 1914 novel, The World Set Free, which appeared shortly before the First World War. In a 1924 article, Winston Churchill speculated about the possible military implications: "Might not a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings—nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke?" In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was elected Chancellor of Germany and it quickly became unsafe for Jewish scientists to remain in the country. Leó Szilárd fled to London where he proposed, and in 1934 patented, the idea of a nuclear chain reaction via neutrons. The patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion. (British patent 630,726.) He subsequently assigned the patent to the British Admiralty so that it could be covered by the Official Secrets Act. In a very real sense, Szilárd was the father of the atomic bomb academically. Also in 1934, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons. In December 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting that they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons. Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch correctly interpreted these results as being due to the splitting of the uranium atom. (Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. They gave the process the name "fission" because of its similarity to the splitting of a cell into two new cells. Even before it was published, news of Meitner’s and Frisch’s interpretation crossed the Atlantic. Scientists at Columbia University decided to replicate the experiment and on January 25, 1939, conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States in the basement of Pupin Hall. The following year, they identified the active component of uranium as being the rare isotope uranium-235.
WHY ARE PLACES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSION STILL DANGEROUS AFTER YEARS?
The nuclear weapons can be can be classified into two types- RDD’s and nuclear bombs which two types of replacement, one gun assembly method and implosion assembly method RDD [radiological dispersion device] spreads α [alphas], β [betas], γ [gammas] and μ [neutrino], by Pu239 and U235 which are absorbed by other atoms which is released again and this radiation is absorbed by other atoms again and the radiation stays and spreads in the region for few decades.
NUCLEAR FISSION, HOW IT WORKS
Nuclear fission is a nuclear process. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. The process gives off a lot of energy and is used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin. NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTION In nuclear reactors Uranium-235 is used. When a neutron is released from an atom it hits the nucleus of other Uranium nucleus and it splits into two smaller atoms Barium-141 and Kr-92 [both are radioactive]. When it splits it releases energy in form of short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation and other three neutrons which hit other nuclei this process creating more and more energy, first 1 atom, then three atoms split and then 9 and so on heating the water in containment vessel which converts to steam which drives the turbine to produce electricity, so it is necessary to control the chain reaction because this will convert all the water into steam and before that it will explode and will unshackle radiation in environment.
Wednesday, 20 July 2016
Tuesday, 19 July 2016
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)